391st BOMB GROUP
If you have not read one or both of
the 391st BG histories, you should do so.
They should be available in the B-26 Archives at the University of Akron
and Pima Museum in Tucson. These volumes
present the formation and combat experiences of the group in excellent
detail. (See the abbreviated treatment
below of the formation and original deployment of the Group). Here I will go into some detail about
replacements, crews and individuals to replace combat losses and rotations when
crews completed 65 missions.
The participants know all about
these matters, and this section will seem trivial to the "old
heads." It is included, however,
for readers from a later generation, our children and their children, and
readers who may stumble on this material at some future time.
WE WERE IN THE ARMY
By the time of World War II, the
Army Air Corps had become the Army Air Forces.
It was a part of the Army, and many of the terms that we know now from
the postwar, independent Air Force did not apply. The proper term was "Commanding
Officer", not Commander. There were
no Air Force Bases; there were Army Air Fields (AAF), or just Fields. One usually said Barksdale Field in everyday
talk, not Barksdale Army Air Field.
TRANSITION SCHOOLS
B-26 first pilots were trained at
one of two "transition schools."
These schools were Laughlin AAF, Del Rio, Texas, and Dodge City AAF,
Dodge City, Kansas. Here the young
aviator, usually fresh from advanced flying school, where he had flown some
twin-engine trainer, such as the AT-9, AT-10, or UC-78 (Bamboo Bomber), learned
to fly the B-26. When he had completed
the course of some two months' duration, he reported to a Replacement Training
Unit (RTU), unless he was slated for instructor’s school, flying tow targets,
or some such non-combat duty.
391st BOMB GROUP BEGINNINGS
(Paraphrased From Col. Walker’s
Softback History)
The 391st was created by letter
dated 15 Jan 43. The headquarters was
activated on 21 Jan 43 at McDill Field, Tampa, Florida, and was assigned to III
Bomber Command. The squadron composition
was 572, 573, 574, and 575. The aircraft
type was the Martin B-26 Marauder as of
13
Feb 43. The Group stayed at McDill through
23 May 43. It was next assigned to the
Myrtle Beach Bombing Range, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina from 24 May 43 to 4 Sep
43. The last stateside assignment was
Godman Field, Fort Knox, Kentucky, 4 Sep 43 to 31 Dec 43.
The Ground Echelon departed this date and arrived
the next day at Camp Shanks, New York, then sailing on 16 Jan 44, and docking
in Scotland nine days later. They
arrived at Matching in Essex County, England, on 26 and 27 Jan 44.
The Flight Echelon flew from Godman Field on 30 Dec
44 to Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia.
After a final check of all aircraft, the unit departed on 3 Jan 44 for
Morrison Field, West Palm Beach, Florida, where it remained for three days. The Flight contingent flew by way of the South
Atlantic route. Overnight stops were
made at Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico, Atkinson Field, British Guiana, and Belem,
Brazil. Two nights were spent at Natal, Brazil, before undertaking the leg to
Ascension Island, which the Echelon left on 12 Jan 44, for Roberts Field,
Liberia. Weather conditions delayed
their departure until 21 Jan 44. The
next day the unit flew from Dakar, Senegal, to Marrakech, French Morocco, where
it was weathered in for a week. On 30
Jan 44 it flew to St. Mawgan, England and on to Matching.
The Flight Echelon did not consist of complete
crews. The crews were made up of pilot,
co-pilot, flight engineer, and radioman, with some navigators, either 391st
ones or navigators belonging to southern route ferry organizations. The bombardiers and armorer gunners went with
the Ground Echelon. This fact has made
it very difficult to complete the crew listings for these crews, as there were
no orders or other paper trail to place these individuals in crews.
REPLACEMENT TRAINING UNITS
The RTUs were in business to train replacement crews
for combat. Again, there were two of
these for the B-26. One was at Barksdale
AAF, Shreveport, Louisiana, and the other at Lake Charles AAF, Lake Charles,
Louisiana. Here crews were assembled and
crew training began.
Co-pilots came directly from
advanced flying school. Bombardiers came
from their training bases, as did the flight engineers, radiomen, and armorer
gunners. What did they do and learn in
RTU? Except for the first pilots, they
had to learn the airplane systems and their duties in routine flying. All had to learn their duties in combat flying. They had to learn to talk to each other on
the intercom, observing the niceties of brevity, clarity, and crew
position. Co-pilots got to make a few
landings and takeoffs. Gunners got to do
some firing. By the way, the flight
engineer manned the top turret, the radioman the waist guns, and the armorer
gunner the tail guns (at least, that was what the school taught). Practice bombing was an important part of the
program; the bombardier used his Norden bombsight, and the pilot attempted to
obey the visual commands of the PDI (Pilot's Directional Indicator). Many of these bombing runs were scored. There was some night flying and some round
robin cross countries. Emergency
procedures received attention, but everyone thought or hoped that they were for
somebody else. There was quite a bit of
formation flying, because it was the backbone of our kind of combat operations,
and practice was essential. I have
already mentioned that the B-26 was a good formation airplane, but the pilots
had to gain proficiency.
After about two months of this
regimen, the crew was ready to move on.
Before continuing, let me share some memories of Barksdale: living in a tarpaper barracks with the outside
temperature 113°; sleeping on a folding cot;
the tower's call sign, "Carfare"; our training squadron's call sign,
"Hobo"; some showoff at the Officers' Club pool actually knowing how
to dive; being taught a single-engine landing procedure that was okay for a
10,000 foot runway but not too great for one of 4500 feet; a B-29 stopping by
(none of us could imagine how anything that big could fly); and the Ink Spots
singing in a hangar.
GOING OVERSEAS
The move began with a train ride
from Barksdale or Lake Charles to Hunter Field, Savannah, Georgia. Here the crews were assigned airplanes, which
they proceeded to check out, calibrating the compass, the airspeed indicator,
etc. There also were new pieces of
equipment to be studied and used. There
were briefings about the overseas flight, ditching, water survival, and all
those good things. There were training
films, some about things other than flying!
The crews then began their
deployment. In the summertime, they flew
over the northern route. As I went by
this route, I will describe it in some detail.
There were 16 airplanes in our contingent, which took off on 6 Aug
1944. We departed on the same day,
flying individually at intervals of some minutes. Our first stop was Dow Field, Bangor, Maine,
for one night. The next day we took off
for Goose Bay, Labrador, where weather in Greenland forced us to stay for
several days and caused us to be called back on our first departure. The destination in Greenland was Bluie West
One at Narsarssuak. If you haven't
landed at BW1, you have missed one of life's biggest thrills. We were briefed for hours with talks, movies
taken from the nose of an airplane, and a topographical model. The reason for what might seem like overkill
is that BW1 is 52 miles up a fjord with walls several thousand feet high,
numerous dead-end offshoots, no room to turn around, and usually an overcast
below the tops of the walls. You had to
get it right the first time. When you
got within a few miles of the airport, signified by some geographical feature
that I do not remember, but not seeing the field, you began a turn to the
right, slowing. When you passed a
grounded ship, you put the gear down and half flaps and kept turning. When you passed three small islands (I may
have the ship and islands reversed), you put down full flaps and kept
turning. Pretty soon you saw the runway,
which runs slightly uphill. There is a
glacier dead ahead; you could not out climb it.
If you had to go around, you had to turn hard left before the first
hill, or you had bought it.
We remained at BW1 for two or three
nights, not because of weather over Iceland, our next destination, but because
of weather over the Greenland icecap.
Upon leaving, taking off downhill, we had to climb, going back down the
fjord until we reached some specified altitude which I do not remember, after
which we turned right and continued climbing back toward the field, which I
believe we had to cross at no less than 7000 feet, continuing to climb to the
east to 12,000 feet to cross the icecap, after which we could let down over the
water on our way to Meeks Field, Reykjavik, Iceland. We stayed one night here--my turn in the
barrel--I had to sleep in the airplane.
We took off the next morning for
Prestwick, Scotland. Approaching
Stornoway, in the Outer Hebrides Islands, we descended through broken clouds
only to find ourselves directly over a British battleship; we thought we were
goners. Prestwick was zero-zero (not
forecast), so we were diverted to Northern Ireland, landing at Toome. More about Toome later.
The next day we delivered our
airplane to Stansted, England, where the B-26 repair depot was located. Then we were off by truck to Stone, a
well-known and much disliked replacement depot, where we killed time until
arrangements were made to send us (in the back end of a B-17) to what might be
called the "Combat Finishing School" at Toome. Here we had several weeks learning to do it
"their way." Finally, we were
assigned to Groups to which we were sent, in my case, by ship across the Irish
Sea, train to Bishop's Stortford, and bus to Matching Green. Group orders assigned us to squadrons. Crew integrity was maintained through all of
this.
In the winter, crews flew over the
southern route, and I refer you to the Group histories for a description of
this route. I am sure the hop to
Ascension Island provided a thrill to match that of BW1.
I have described the
"normal" crew resupply system, but it was not the only way crews
ended up flying the B-26. For example,
SO-266, dated Sep 22, 1944, from the 70th Replacement Depot, the famous Stone,
shows "crews" assigned to the various groups. The people went where assigned, but they were
not crews. The so-called crews were pure
fiction, manufactured by personnel at the "Repple Depple." Both
P.
K. Bonde and Dana Wetherbee assured me that they hardly knew their so-called
crews before or after reporting to the 391st.
The Group, apparently knowing what was going on, proceeded to assign the
people to squadrons on an individual basis, as shown in Hqs 391st BG SO-126,
dated Sep 24, 1944. I am confident the
squadrons then assigned the individuals to crews based upon their
qualifications and "exigencies of the service."
Where did these people come
from? That would take another book, but
many of the pilots were longtime instructors; many of the individuals had
previous tours. Wetherbee, for example,
had flown 50 missions in B-25's in the Mediterranean; the powers that be were
smart enough not to send him through the whole training pipeline again.
Be all this as it may, these people
make the present task very difficult. I
have only word of mouth to go on in placing them into crews. At this time, I have only a few of such crews
identified. I have included lists, by
crew position, of the individuals who I have not been able to place in a crew.
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